QUALITY CATEGORY A & CATEGORY B FACTORY

  The installation of a typical small flat solar PV mounting system mainly consists of three core components: triangular beam supports, crossbeam supports, and vertical supports. Their primary function is to maintain a specific angle with the installation surface. Additional installation parts include load-bearing components, diagonal braces, tie rods, clamps, hinges, bolts, and connectors.   ① Triangular beam supports come in both longitudinal and transverse types (including back beams, inclined beams, and lower beams), and are generally made of flat steel.   ② Crossbeam supports mainly serve a pressure-resistant role. Usually, aluminum alloy C-sections are used, with the hole diameter selected based on the specific application scenario.   ③ Vertical supports can either be the back beams of the triangular beam frame or be designed separately.   ④ Other connecting structures mainly function to secure the mounting system. During installation, bolts are used to join and fix the triangular beam supports, which are then connected and secured to other crossbeams and vertical supports. However, the following points require special attention: a stop component must be added when connecting the crossbeams to the support frames; if necessary, tie rods can be used for connection in the crossbeams, and the installation of tie rods and diagonal braces depends on the span size; when the crossbeams are too long, connecting plates and bolts should be used for joining and fixing.   What Issues Should Be Noted in the Selection of Solar PV Mounting Systems? The selection of materials and installation methods for solar PV mounting systems requires rigorous calculations for confirmation. Additionally, it is influenced by factors such as the texture of the installation site, climate, and environment, with weather resistance also serving as one of the bases for selection. For example, in installation sites with soft textures, ground anchors can be used for fixation; if the historical maximum wind speed or maximum snowfall falls within a certain range, materials that not only meet the requirements but also have lower costs can be appropriately selected. Furthermore, factors such as maintenance and material recycling should also be taken into consideration.

  ① Cost-effectiveness is the most prominent advantage of Zn-Al-Mg PV stents. One of their greatest strengths lies in their low price. In different regions, Zn-Al-Mg PV stents can be 800-1,600 RMB per ton cheaper than hot-dip galvanized PV stents (the price difference depends on the local cost of hot-dip galvanizing).   ② Fast delivery cycle is another advantage of Zn-Al-Mg PV stents. After being folded, punched and processed in the PV stent factory, they can be used directly without secondary galvanization, which shortens the delivery cycle of PV stents.   ③ Corrosion resistance: The Zn-Al-Mg coating has higher corrosion resistance than traditional galvanizing technology. In relatively harsh climates and environments, the electrochemical reaction rate of the Zn-Al-Mg coating is slower, and the formed corrosion products are more compact, thus effectively extending its service life. Tests show that in terms of salt spray corrosion resistance, the Zn-Al-Mg coating technology is more than 50% better than the traditional galvanizing technology, and can withstand a salt spray test for more than 1,000 hours.   ④ Thermal stability: The Zn-Al-Mg coating has good thermal stability and can be used under high-temperature conditions. After a high-temperature steam cycle test, there is no obvious peeling of the Zn-Al-Mg coating, and the surface coating remains intact. This indicates that the Zn-Al-Mg coating technology is applicable to industries and fields with high-temperature environment requirements.   ⑤ Electrophoretic coating flexibility: Compared with other anti-corrosion coatings, the Zn-Al-Mg coating technology can better achieve the flexibility of electrophoretic coatings. A purple conversion film is formed on the surface of the Al-Mg-Zn coating, which gives the coating better adhesion and durability.  

Solar brackets are a crucial component of photovoltaic (PV) power plants, as they support the core power-generating elements of the plant. Improper design can lead to accidents during severe weather conditions, which would have a devastating impact on the power plant. Therefore, in the design process, various factors must be comprehensively considered to ultimately determine the selection of brackets and the layout of PV arrays. Common Ground-Mounted PV Bracket Systems Most ground-mounted PV systems adopt a concrete strip (or block) foundation design. Challenges in Solar PV Bracket Design For the component assembly parts of any type of solar PV bracket design, the most critical feature is weather resistance. The structure must be sturdy and reliable, capable of withstanding atmospheric corrosion, wind loads, and other external effects.   Key factors to consider when selecting a design solution include:   Safe and reliable installation Achieving maximum operational efficiency at minimum installation cost Near-zero maintenance requirements Facilitated reliable maintenance   In the proposed solutions, high-wear-resistant materials are used to resist wind loads, snow loads, and other corrosive effects. A combination of technical processes—such as aluminum alloy anodization, extra-thick hot-dip galvanization, stainless steel application, and UV aging resistance—is employed to ensure the service life of solar brackets and solar tracking systems. Currently Common PV Bracket Foundation Types There are two main types of foundations commonly used for PV brackets:   Cement-based foundation: This type usually adopts independent or strip foundations, which can be either precast or cast-in-place. Its outstanding advantages include low steel consumption, minimal restriction by geological conditions, excellent corrosion resistance of the PV bracket, and low safety risks. Spiral pile foundation

There are mainly two types of materials used for PV (photovoltaic) mounting systems on the market: one is aluminum alloy mounts, and the other is steel mounts—such as stainless steel (304) and galvanized steel components (Q235 hot-dip galvanized). So how should we make a proper choice?   First, in terms of strength, steel performs better. The strength of aluminum alloy is roughly 70% that of steel. Therefore, for scenarios with large spans or in high-wind areas, steel mounts are superior to aluminum alloy ones. Second, regarding deflection deformation: This has nothing to do with the material’s strength; it mainly depends on the profile’s shape, dimensions, and elastic modulus (an inherent parameter of the material). Under the same conditions, the deformation of aluminum alloy is about 3 times that of steel, while its weight is only around 35% of steel. However, for the same weight, the cost of aluminum alloy profiles is also about 3 times that of steel. Hence, in large-span and high-wind areas, steel is also more cost-effective than aluminum alloy. Next, in terms of corrosion resistance: The main anti-corrosion method for steel is hot-dip galvanizing, which typically allows it to be used for over 20 years in ordinary environments. But in high-humidity, high-salinity environments (even seawater), the corrosion rate accelerates, requiring regular annual maintenance. For aluminum alloy, the anti-corrosion principle relies on anodization to form a dense oxide film, which provides excellent corrosion resistance. Moreover, the corrosion rate decreases over time. Therefore, in terms of corrosion resistance, aluminum alloy is far better than steel. Then, considering cost: Generally, the cost of aluminum alloy mounts is about 1.3 to 1.5 times that of steel mounts. However, in small-span systems (e.g., those installed on color steel tile roofs), the cost difference between the two is relatively small. Additionally, aluminum alloy is much lighter, making it highly suitable for rooftop PV plants. Finally, it is essential to select a PV mounting system manufacturer with reliable quality and service. A high-quality PV mounting production line not only helps manufacturers reduce production costs but also enables them to efficiently supply high-quality products—thereby allowing manufacturers to provide better services to customers. As a company dedicated to the manufacturing of intelligent PV mounting equipment for years, Boyue PV Technology Co., Ltd. has been committed to researching and developing new technologies. This ensures that every manufacturer using Jinbolida machinery can produce exquisite and durable mounts, giving customers confidence in their choices. Its high-quality after-sales service further ensures a hassle-free user experience for customers.   To sum up, when choosing a PV mounting system:   Steel has high strength and minimal deflection deformation under load, making it suitable for large-scale PV plants or high-wind areas with high stress requirements. Aluminum alloy profiles are lightweight, aesthetically pleasing, and have better corrosion resistance. They are more effective for rooftop PV plants with load-bearing requirements or in highly corrosive environments (such as chemical plants).   Of course, after considering the above factors, selecting a high-quality manufacturer and reliable after-sales service are also crucial reference points for customers.

The main principle of photovoltaic power generation lies in the photoelectric effect of semiconductors. When photons irradiate a metal surface, their energy can be fully absorbed by a specific electron in the metal. If the energy absorbed by the electron is sufficient to overcome the internal gravitational work of the metal, the electron will escape from the metal surface and become a photoelectron.   A silicon atom has 4 valence electrons. If pure silicon is doped with atoms that have 5 valence electrons (such as phosphorus atoms), it becomes an N-type semiconductor; if pure silicon is doped with atoms that have 3 valence electrons (such as boron atoms), a P-type semiconductor is formed. When the P-type and N-type semiconductors are combined, a potential difference is created at the contact interface, which serves as the basis of a solar cell. When sunlight irradiates the P-N junction, holes move from the P-region to the N-region, while electrons move from the N-region to the P-region, thereby generating an electric current.   The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where light irradiation causes a potential difference between different parts of a non-uniform semiconductor or between a semiconductor and a metal. It involves two main processes: first, the conversion of photons (light waves) into electrons, i.e., the transformation of light energy into electrical energy; second, the formation of a voltage.   Polycrystalline silicon undergoes processes such as ingot casting, ingot breaking, and slicing to produce silicon wafers to be processed. These silicon wafers are then doped and diffused with trace amounts of boron, phosphorus, and other elements to form P-N junctions. Next, screen printing is used to apply a precisely prepared silver paste onto the silicon wafers to create grid lines. After sintering, back electrodes are fabricated simultaneously, and an anti-reflection coating is applied to the surface with the grid lines—thus completing the production of solar cells.   Solar cells are arranged and combined into solar cell modules, which form large circuit boards. Typically, the periphery of each module is enclosed in an aluminum frame, the front side is covered with glass, and electrodes are installed on the back side. A complete photovoltaic power generation system can be assembled by integrating these cell modules with other auxiliary equipment. To convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), a power inverter must be installed. The electricity generated can either be stored in batteries or fed into the public power grid.   In terms of the cost structure of a photovoltaic power generation system, solar cell modules account for approximately 50%, while the remaining 50% comes from power inverters, installation fees, other auxiliary components, and miscellaneous expenses.

  As the demand for green energy continues to grow, an increasing number of industrial and commercial enterprises are opting to install photovoltaic (PV) systems on their rooftops to achieve energy self-sufficiency and reduce operational costs. However, the success of a PV project does not solely depend on PV modules and inverters; the selection of the bracket system also plays a crucial role. Brackets not only bear the physical responsibility of supporting the modules but also serve as a key link in ensuring the safety, stability, and long-term operation of the entire system. Roof Structure and Load-Bearing Capacity: The First Hurdle in Selection Industrial and commercial rooftops, characterized by their large scale and complex structures, come in various types and materials. Flat roofs and sloped roofs differ fundamentally in terms of installation methods and bracket design.   Concrete roofs typically have strong load-bearing capacity, but attention must be paid to the reinforcement of local structures. Color steel tile roofs, due to their lightweight and thin material, require specialized fixing solutions to prevent water leakage from drilling holes. Special materials such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) demand more sophisticated fixing techniques and anti-corrosion measures.   Before initiating a project, entrusting professional institutions to conduct detailed structural assessments and load calculations is a prerequisite for ensuring safety. A PV system generally adds a self-weight of 15 to 25 kilograms per square meter; when combined with wind and snow loads, this imposes additional pressure on the rooftop. Neglecting structural verification can easily lead to local roof deformation, water seepage, or even more serious safety hazards, ultimately affecting the service life and safety level of the building. Therefore, bracket design and installation can only proceed when the roof structure and load-bearing capacity are clearly confirmed to meet requirements, avoiding rework or accidents caused by structural issues in the future.   A reasonable bracket design must not only meet safety load-bearing requirements but also take into account the rooftop’s original drainage paths and the protection of waterproof layers. During the design process, it is essential to ensure that the bracket foundation does not block rainwater flow, preventing water accumulation and subsequent leakage. At the same time, attention should be paid to protecting the roof insulation layer to avoid reduced thermal insulation efficiency due to drilling holes or local damage. Only by balancing safety and roof protection can the harmonious coexistence of the PV system and the building be achieved. Material Selection and Corrosion Resistance: Ensuring Service Life Choosing suitable bracket materials is directly related to the service life and maintenance costs of the PV system. Currently, the mainstream materials on the market are aluminum alloy and hot-dip galvanized steel.   Aluminum alloy, featuring light weight, high strength, and easy processability, is often used in projects with high lightweight requirements. It is convenient to install, resistant to corrosion, and suitable for general industrial workshops or lightweight structural rooftops. Hot-dip galvanized steel, with its excellent structural strength and corrosion resistance, is widely used in areas prone to heavy snowfall or harsh climates, especially for large commercial rooftops.   In coastal and high-humidity areas, salt spray corrosion poses a severe challenge to bracket systems. Salt in the marine environment accelerates metal corrosion, leading to premature aging of brackets or even structural failure. Therefore, for such projects, hot-dip galvanized steel with a zinc coating thickness that strictly meets standards must be used, along with stainless steel or high-grade anti-corrosion connectors. Some clients may also choose surface spraying or anodizing treatments to further enhance weather resistance. The quality of materials directly affects the long-term stability of the project and maintenance costs; reasonable investment in the early stage can effectively reduce the risk of later maintenance and ensure trouble-free operation of the system for many years. Design Principles: Balancing Environmental Adaptability and Economic Benefits Industrial and commercial rooftops are distributed across different climate zones in the country, so the design must be tailored to local conditions and accurately match environmental requirements. Wind load and snow load are two key design factors.   In snow-prone areas, the design inclination angle of roof brackets is often set relatively large to promote the natural sliding of accumulated snow, preventing structural damage caused by excessive snow accumulation. In areas with strong winds, it is necessary to strengthen the anchor bolts and diagonal bracing design to improve the overall wind resistance and ensure the system’s safety during typhoons and rainstorms.   A one-size-fits-all design that ignores these environmental factors is likely to create safety hazards during the service period, resulting in high maintenance costs.   The design process must also balance safety and cost. While over-design can increase the system’s safety factor, it also means higher material and construction costs; conversely, overly cost-saving designs may lead to operational risks and reduced power generation efficiency. A scientific design should be based on detailed on-site surveys and accurate load analysis, combined with the actual needs of the project, to achieve both safety and reliability as well as economic efficiency, maximizing the return on investment (ROI) of the PV system. Construction Details and Installation Standards: Ensuring Project Quality The handling of details during the construction phase often determines the success or failure of a PV project. Strictly constructing in accordance with design drawings is the foundation, but more importantly, attention must be paid to the details such as the tightening of each connector, the waterproof treatment of fixed points, and the horizontal calibration of brackets.   The construction difficulty of color steel tile roofs lies in preventing roof leakage caused by drilling holes. This requires the use of specialized fasteners and sealing materials based on different types of profiled steel sheets to ensure that the protective function of the roof is not damaged.   Professional construction teams will select the most appropriate installation techniques based on the roof material and structural characteristics to ensure that the connection between the brackets and the roof is firm and safe. During the construction process, sufficient maintenance channels should be reserved to avoid difficulties in later cleaning and maintenance caused by the coverage of PV modules. High-quality construction not only extends the service life of the PV system but also reduces the difficulty and cost of later operation and maintenance, serving as a key link in ensuring the long-term benefits of the project. Maintenance Reservation and Intelligent Monitoring: Ensuring Long-Term Efficient Operation The value of a PV system lies in its long-term stable power generation capacity, so the design for operation and maintenance (O&M) cannot be ignored. Reasonably planning inspection channels and maintenance spaces, avoiding module stacking, and ensuring the normal use of cleaning personnel and testing equipment are important prerequisites for guaranteeing the long-term efficiency of the system. Regular cleaning and inspections can effectively reduce the impact of dust, bird droppings, etc., on the power generation efficiency of modules and extend the system’s service life.   In addition, the application of intelligent monitoring systems has become a standard feature of modern PV projects. By real-time monitoring power generation data and equipment status, O&M personnel can quickly locate and address abnormal issues, preventing minor faults from expanding and affecting power generation. Remote diagnosis and automatic alarm functions greatly improve O&M efficiency and save labor and time costs. The combination of a sound O&M plan and intelligent monitoring will ensure that industrial and commercial roof-mounted PV systems maintain efficient and stable operation for more than 20 years, maximizing the return on investment.   The value of a PV system lies in its ability to withstand the test of time and the environment. As the foundation of the PV system, the bracket system requires the selection of appropriate materials and designs, strict construction management, and a well-developed O&M plan to truly achieve the safety, stability, and efficient return of industrial and commercial roof-mounted PV projects.

In our daily work, we frequently receive inquiries about "how much does a flexible photovoltaic (PV) bracket cost per watt". However, this question is actually difficult to answer simply, as flexible PV brackets come in a wide range of types and complex models.   Flexible PV brackets can be regarded as the most complex product in the broad category of PV brackets. Compared with fixed brackets, they feature higher technological content and include various types such as single-layer cable (two-cable), double-layer cable (three-cable), single-layer cable net, and double-layer cable net structures.   Each type further derives hundreds of different structural forms due to variations in span, clear height, application scenarios, and geological conditions. This results in the average manufacturing cost per watt of flexible PV brackets ranging from 0.1 yuan to 0.8 yuan.   Furthermore, the market price is also affected by factors such as the manufacturer's reputation and marketing strategies. There is a significant price gap among homogeneous products, and in some cases, products with poor quality may even be sold at a higher price. In the complex environment of the PV bracket market, there is no absolute correlation between price level and product quality.   To gain an in-depth understanding of the cost and price of flexible PV brackets, one needs to have the following knowledge reserves: first, proficiency in the structural technology of flexible brackets; second, familiarity with the characteristics of various materials; and finally, an understanding of processing techniques.   To help you gain a preliminary understanding of the cost overview of flexible PV brackets, the following are reference data on the steel consumption per 1-megawatt (MW) flexible bracket:   Single-layer cable (two-cable) structure: It is mostly used in mountainous scenarios. When PHC pipe piles are used as the pile foundation and the spacing span of the pile foundation is generally around 16 meters, the steel consumption per 1 MW is approximately 14 - 19 tons; if a steel column structure is adopted, the steel consumption is about 16 - 24 tons. For a single-layer cable net structure, the steel consumption increases by an average of 2 - 3 tons on this basis. Double-layer cable (three-cable) structure: The foundation of this type of flexible bracket is mostly PHC pipe piles, and the steel consumption per 1 MW is roughly between 15 - 24 tons. In the case of a double-layer cable net structure, the steel consumption per 1 MW needs to be increased by an additional 2 - 3 tons. Special complex scenarios: When flexible brackets are applied in special scenarios such as sewage treatment plants, river channels and ditches, building rooftops, and service area parking lots, and the structure is relatively complex, the steel consumption per 1 MW may reach 40 - 70 tons or more.   It should be emphasized that the above data are only preliminary estimates. The actual steel consumption and cost are comprehensively affected by various factors such as the design input conditions of the flexible bracket, the specific application scenario, and the professional capabilities of the designer. The actual figures may be lower or higher. The content of this article is for reference only and does not represent industry standards or the views of specific enterprises. It is hoped that it can provide some assistance for you in exploring the cost and price of flexible PV brackets.   We provide flexible bracket design consulting, cost budgeting, and patent services.   If you would like to know more information, please feel free to contact me. I will provide you with a detailed introduction. My WhatsApp number is: +86 15930619958   Boyue Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd  

First of all, it is necessary to inform everyone that the general principle for roof waterproofing is: preferring drainage over blocking. That is, ensure that the joint treatment allows water to drain smoothly during heavy rain and ponding, so as to prevent roof leakage.   Therefore, during the design phase, the mounting bases should first be arranged in a way that they are not perpendicular to the drainage direction and do not hinder the drainage of rainwater from the roof.   In addition, when installing a PV system on an existing roof by directly placing the mounting bases during construction, the bases have no connection with the structural layer of the original roof. To ensure structural safety, it is essential to place the bases stably and neatly, and take measures to fix them to prevent overturning, sliding, or similar incidents.   Since the bases are not connected to the structural layer, it is difficult to install additional waterproof layers. Thus, every effort should be made to preserve the waterproof layer of the original roof to avoid leakage.   For cases where it is necessary to drill holes and damage the original roof, targeted measures should be taken based on specific circumstances. 1. Waterproofing for PV Mounting Systems on Flat Concrete Roofs For new buildings with flat concrete roofs or sloped concrete roofs (covered with tiles) of villas, embedded bolts should usually be installed during the design phase, and roof waterproofing should be done in accordance with conventional practices.   For existing buildings with flat concrete roofs or sloped concrete roofs (covered with tiles) of villas, the roof structure should first be verified.When connecting the PV module bases to the structural layer, the area around the metal embedded parts on the top of the bases is a weak point in waterproofing. Improper handling here may cause rainwater to seep down from around the bolts of the embedded parts to the structural layer, corroding the load-bearing steel bars of the structural layer and creating potential safety hazards.Therefore, when installing the PV module bases, the waterproof layer should be extended to cover the upper parts of the bases and metal embedded parts. Additionally, the area around the anchor bolts should be sealed, and the parts where the bolts pass through the waterproof layer should be filled with waterproof sealant to block the seepage path of rainwater. Moreover, an additional waterproof layer should be added under the bases—even if leakage occurs at the top of the bases, rainwater will not reach the structural layer. 2. Waterproofing for PV Mounting System Installation on Color Steel Tile Roofs For color steel tile roofs, it is necessary to penetrate the original waterproof layer and profiled steel sheets with the steel structure of the PV system, and fix the structure to the main steel structure of the building. Then, vapor barrier, thermal insulation, and waterproofing treatments should be carried out in reference to the waterproofing method for color steel tile roofs. The key points of construction include rust removal, sealing, and applying waterproof coating on the base layer and surrounding areas.   For local water leakage points on the color steel tile roof, high-quality neutral weather-resistant sealant should be used for smearing and plugging. For color steel sheets with severe local rust, replacement is required before installing PV modules.   For color steel sheets with trapezoidal rib cross-sections: The solar mounting brackets are usually connected to the color steel sheets from the side or top using self-tapping bolts. The self-tapping bolts must be equipped with matching weather-resistant waterproof gaskets, and after the self-tapping bolts are fixed, the screw positions must be coated with high-quality neutral weather-resistant sealant. For cases where cable sleeves pass through the roof panels: There are standard construction methods specified in current national standard drawings. During design and construction, appropriate methods can be selected based on the specific conditions of the actual project. For cases where cables pass through the roof panels: Detai covers (a type of roof waterproof structure) can be used for waterproofing. Detai covers are often applied to roofs with color profiled steel sheets, featuring excellent physical properties and chemical corrosion resistance, which can prevent water leakage issues associated with rigid waterproof materials. 3. Waterproofing for Roof Drilling Holes by Solar Mounting Manufacturers For existing buildings with flat concrete roofs or sloped concrete roofs (covered with tiles) of villas, if chemical anchor bolts are used to fix the PV mounting brackets, the thickness of the protective layer or the surface layer in use should first be verified.For precast slab roofs with high load-bearing capacity per unit area, precast concrete block bases can be used on the roof for fixation, and after solidification, chemical anchor bolts can be used to fix the mounting brackets.   For sloped roofs covered with tiles, the drilling depth should be confirmed. After fixing the chemical anchor bolts, the positions where the bolts pass through the tiles should be properly treated with waterproof sealant.Chemical anchor bolts have high load-bearing capacity, excellent fatigue resistance, and aging resistance; some models can withstand dynamic loads and impact loads. They exert no shrinkage force on the base and do not generate extrusion stress, thus will not cause adverse effects on roof waterproofing.

1.Obtain the latitude, longitude and time of the area via GPS satellites. 2.Calculate the position of the sun based on the latitude, longitude and time. If it is night, the system will return to the horizontal position; if it is daytime, the angle of the solar mounting system will be adjusted according to the obtained data. 3.Acquire data from the light sensor and then conduct a difference comparison on the data. If the difference is within the error range, the solar mounting system stops rotating; if the difference is large, supervised adjustment is performed. After adjustment, when the difference falls within the error range, the light control system is exited.   At present, centralized photovoltaic (PV) power plants have occupied most areas with vast land resources. However, there are still many locations suitable for installing PV power plants but with relatively small land areas. If the goal is to maximize power generation in such cases, using tracking solar mounting systems is a viable option. Specifically, the use of dual-axis tracking solar mounting systems can increase power generation by 30-40%, while single-axis tracking solar mounting systems can boost power generation by 20-30%.   Tracking solar mounting systems can be divided into three types: dual-axis tracking, horizontal single-axis tracking, and inclined single-axis tracking. These three types of tracking solar mounting systems can be designed to carry different numbers of solar panels. The array layout design varies among mounting systems with different designs, and a customized design is required based on the latitude, longitude and the specifications of the tracking solar mounting system.

  In a solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation system, the PV mounting system plays an indispensable role. As a key structure for supporting and securing solar panels, its significance is comparable to the foundation of a house—it directly impacts the stability, safety, and power generation efficiency of the entire PV system. Diverse Types for Versatile Scenarios PV mounting systems come in a wide range of types to meet different installation requirements and site conditions.   Fixed PV Mounting Systems are widely used. During the design phase, geographical and climatic conditions of the installation site are taken into account to pre-calculate a fixed angle that allows PV modules to capture the maximum solar radiation, thereby achieving optimal power output. Once installed, the position of the modules remains unchanged. These systems are cost-effective, structurally stable, and incur low long-term maintenance costs. Tracking PV Mounting Systems are equipped with a tracking mechanism, enabling PV modules to adjust their angles at regular intervals following the sun’s movement. This significantly extends the average annual sunlight exposure time and greatly boosts power generation. However, they require higher initial investment, demand regular maintenance, and a larger array spacing is needed when PV modules are installed at a steeper tilt angle.   From the perspective of installation scenarios, common types include:   Ground Mounting Systems: Suitable for large-scale PV power plants, they can be flexibly adjusted to adapt to complex terrain, offering excellent stability and safety. Roof Mounting Systems: Designed for rooftop installation, they effectively save space and enhance power generation efficiency. Floating Mounting Systems: Enable PV power projects to be implemented on water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs. Column-type Solar Mounting Systems: Primarily used for installing larger-sized PV modules, they are often deployed in high-wind areas. These systems allow horizontal angle adjustments as needed and require no on-site welding during installation, making the process convenient and efficient. Multiple Materials with Unique Advantages Currently, PV mounting systems commonly used in China are mainly categorized into three types based on material: concrete, steel, and aluminum alloy.   Concrete Mounting Systems: Characterized by high self-weight, they are typically used in large-scale PV power plants and require installation in outdoor areas with good foundational conditions. Despite this, they offer exceptional stability and can support oversized solar panels. Steel Mounting Systems: Boast stable performance, mature manufacturing processes, strong load-bearing capacity, and easy installation. They are widely applied in civil PV systems, industrial PV projects, and solar power plants. Among them, section steel is mostly produced in a standardized manner in factories, featuring uniform specifications, stable performance, excellent corrosion resistance, and an aesthetic appearance.   Notably, the combined steel mounting system only requires assembling channel steel with specially designed connectors during on-site installation. This ensures fast construction speed and eliminates the need for welding, effectively preserving the integrity of the anti-corrosion coating. However, its connectors involve complex manufacturing processes and a wide variety of types, which impose high requirements on production and design, leading to a relatively higher price.   Aluminum Alloy Mounting Systems: Generally used in solar projects on the rooftops of residential buildings. They offer corrosion resistance, light weight, durability, and an attractive appearance. However, their self-load-bearing capacity is relatively low, making them unsuitable for solar power plant projects, and their cost is slightly higher than that of hot-dip galvanized steel. Precision Design for Stability and Efficiency The design of PV mounting systems requires comprehensive consideration of multiple factors.   Weather Resistance is a top priority: The system must be robust and reliable, capable of withstanding atmospheric corrosion, wind loads, and other external impacts. Material Selection: Materials must have sufficient strength to resist the effects of climatic factors for at least 30 years and remain stable even under extreme weather conditions such as blizzards and typhoons. Slot Rail Design: Mounting systems should be equipped with slot rails for wire placement to prevent electric shock hazards. Meanwhile, electrical equipment should be installed in locations that are not exposed to harsh environments and allow easy regular maintenance. Installation Requirements: The installation process must be safe and reliable, achieving maximum usability at minimum installation cost. The system should also be nearly maintenance-free, and any necessary repairs should be straightforward and dependable.   To meet these design requirements, high-quality mounting systems typically use computer software to simulate extreme weather conditions for design verification. They also undergo rigorous mechanical performance tests—such as tensile strength and yield strength tests—to ensure product durability. For instance, in high-wind areas, wind resistance design is particularly critical; measures like enhancing structural strength and optimizing the bracket form are adopted to improve wind resistance. In highly humid or corrosive environments (e.g., coastal areas), materials with strong corrosion resistance are selected, or special anti-corrosion treatments are applied to the materials. Wide Applications for Green Energy Development PV mounting systems are widely used in various PV power generation scenarios.   Large-scale Ground PV Power Plants: Through the rational layout of ground mounting systems, large-scale installation of solar panels is achieved, converting vast wastelands and deserts into green energy production bases and supplying large amounts of clean electricity to the power grid. Industrial and Residential Rooftops: Installing roof mounting systems and PV modules on the rooftops of industrial plants and residential buildings not only makes efficient use of idle space to realize "self-consumption with surplus power fed into the grid" (reducing electricity costs for enterprises and households) but also reduces buildings’ reliance on traditional energy sources, contributing to energy conservation and emission reduction. "Fishery-PV Complementary" and "Agriculture-PV Complementary" Projects: The combined use of floating and ground mounting systems integrates PV power generation with fishery breeding and agricultural cultivation. This creates additional green energy value without disrupting existing production activities, improving the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land and water resources. Remote or Unstable Power Supply Areas: Small-scale distributed PV systems, paired with suitable PV mounting systems, provide reliable power support for local residents and facilities, improving living and production conditions.   As a crucial component of solar PV power systems, the type, material, design, and application of PV mounting systems are closely linked to the performance and benefits of the entire system. With the continuous development of the PV industry, PV mounting technology is also undergoing constant innovation and improvement to better adapt to complex environments and diverse application needs, playing a vital role in advancing the global transition to green energy.

1. What are the common defects in PV array brackets? ① The surface galvanization layer of the bracket material does not meet standards; ② Severe corrosion of purlins; ③ Serious deformation of the rear columns of the bracket; ④ Severe damage to the galvanized layer of the bracket; ⑤ Other defects. These defects are mainly caused by issues such as poor bracket quality and non-standard construction practices.   2. What is a PV bracket? A PV bracket is a structure used to install, secure, and support solar PV modules. Its primary function is to ensure that the PV modules are fixed at an optimal angle and position to maximize solar radiation exposure and improve power generation efficiency. Depending on the installation environment and purpose, PV brackets can be categorized into various types, including ground-mounted brackets, rooftop brackets, pole-mounted brackets, and carport brackets. The main functions of PV brackets are: - Securing and supporting PV modules; - Adjusting the angle of PV modules; - Ensuring durability and corrosion resistance; - Simplifying installation and facilitating maintenance.   3. What is a PV bracket foundation? A PV bracket foundation is a critical component of the PV bracket system, providing stable support to ensure the safe and stable operation of PV modules under various climatic conditions. The selection of a PV bracket foundation depends on factors such as the geological conditions of the installation site, climate conditions, and engineering requirements. Common types of PV bracket foundations include: - Concrete foundations - Helical pile foundations - Pile-driven foundations - Cement block foundations - Steel structure foundations Reinforced concrete foundations: These are made using steel reinforcement and concrete to secure and support PV brackets, ensuring the safe and stable operation of PV modules under various climatic conditions. Due to their high strength and durability, reinforced concrete foundations are widely used in large-scale projects such as ground-mounted PV power plants.   ① Construction Steps: - Site preparation: Clear the construction area, level the ground, and ensure a stable foundation. - Foundation excavation: Excavate foundation pits according to design drawings, ensuring the dimensions and depth meet requirements. - Rebar binding: Fabricate and bind rebar cages according to design drawings, ensuring accurate dimensions and positioning. - Formwork setup: Install formwork within the foundation pits, ensuring it is stable to prevent deformation during concrete pouring. - Concrete pouring: Pour concrete as per design requirements and perform vibration to ensure compactness and avoid voids. - Curing: After pouring, cure the concrete by maintaining moisture to prevent cracking and enhance strength. - Formwork removal and inspection: Remove the formwork once the concrete reaches the required strength and conduct foundation inspection. -Reinforced concrete isolated foundations offer advantages such as clear load transfer paths, reliable load-bearing capacity, wide applicability, and no need for specialized construction machinery. This type of foundation provides strong resistance to horizontal loads. -Helical pile foundations: These are used to secure and support PV brackets by screwing spiral-shaped metal piles into the ground, providing stable support. Helical pile foundations are favored for their quick installation and minimal environmental impact. -Their structure primarily consists of spiral piles and connecting components. The piles are spiral-shaped with helical blades at the ends, which enhance adhesion and stability during installation. -Construction steps: Site preparation; pile positioning; screwing in piles; connecting and positioning.   ② Pile-driven foundations: Pile-driven foundations for PV brackets involve driving piles into the ground to support and secure the brackets. This type of foundation offers high load-bearing capacity and stability, making it suitable for various geological conditions, especially in large-scale PV power plants. The structure consists of piles and connecting components. The piles are typically made of high-strength steel treated with anti-corrosion coatings (e.g., hot-dip galvanization) to enhance durability. Different types of piles, such as steel pipe piles or H-beam piles, are selected based on geological conditions and design requirements. Construction steps: Site preparation, geological survey, positioning, pile driving, and bracket connection. This method is commonly used in large-scale PV power plants, areas with high wind loads, and complex geological conditions.   ③ Cement block foundations: Cement block foundations for PV brackets are a common foundation type where precast or cast-in-place cement blocks are used to secure PV brackets, providing stable support for PV modules. This foundation type is widely used due to its simple construction, low cost, and broad applicability. The foundation consists of cement blocks and fixing components. The cement blocks can be square, rectangular, or other shapes as per design requirements, with dimensions determined based on the load requirements of the brackets and PV modules. Fixing components include embedded parts and connectors. Construction steps: Site preparation, ground treatment, cement block fabrication, and PV bracket installation. This method is typically used in small to medium-sized PV power plants, temporary PV systems, and special geological conditions.   ④ Steel structure foundations for PV brackets: Steel structure foundations, known for their high strength, stability, and durability, are an important foundation type in PV system construction. Proper design and installation of steel structure foundations not only enhance the safety and stability of PV systems but also adapt to various complex geological and climatic conditions, improving the overall project efficiency. Through ground treatment, anti-corrosion measures for steel materials, and precision installation control, steel structure foundations provide long-term reliable support for PV systems, ensuring stable operation under various environmental conditions.

Flexible PV mounting systems are not as widely used as traditional fixed mounting systems; they are merely a mounting option considered for specific scenarios. Their cost falls between that of PV carport mounting systems and traditional fixed ones.   PV power plants have a strong financial attribute, so cost is a crucial factor. Take the "fishery-solar complementation" model as an example—if the cost of flexible mounting systems were lower than that of traditional fixed systems (fixed mounts + pile foundations) or floating mounting systems, why wouldn’t they replace the latter?   There are concerns about safety. Although wind tunnel test reports or TUV certifications are available, it is still somewhat worrying to see PV modules fixed by steel cables hanging overhead. Additionally, operation and maintenance (O&M) are difficult and costly.   Flexible mounting systems are also not suitable for small-scale installations. However, they are well-suited for sewage treatment plants and "agriculture-solar complementation" projects. For sewage treatment plants, there is a lack of space to install the footings required for traditional fixed mounts; for agriculture-solar complementation projects, excessive columns of PV mounts are undesirable as they would interfere with farming activities. A flexible PV mounting system is a relatively new installation method for solar PV modules. Compared with traditional rigid mounting systems, it has certain advantages but also some drawbacks.   The following are the disadvantages of flexible PV mounting systems: 1. Higher Cost: Compared with traditional rigid mounting systems, the manufacturing cost of flexible PV mounting systems is usually higher. The materials and manufacturing processes of flexible mounts are relatively complex, leading to higher prices and thus increasing the overall cost of the PV system.   2. Durability and Stability Issues: Compared with rigid mounting systems, flexible ones may face challenges in terms of long-term durability and stability. Due to the relatively soft nature of the materials used in flexible mounts, they may be affected by external environmental factors such as wind force and temperature changes, resulting in reduced stability and durability of the mounts.   3. Difficult Operation and Maintenance: The structure of flexible mounting systems is relatively complex. If a problem occurs, professional personnel may be required for repair and replacement. This can increase O&M costs and maintenance time, affecting the normal operation of the PV system.   4.High Installation Requirements: The installation of flexible mounting systems is relatively complex and requires professional installation teams to carry out the construction. Improper installation may affect the stability of the mounts and thus reduce the power generation efficiency of the PV system.   5.Limitations in Moldability: The design of flexible mounting systems is restricted by the moldability of their materials, and they may not be able to adapt to certain special installation scenarios or requirements. In some complex terrains or building structures, flexible mounts may not be installed effectively. Despite these disadvantages of flexible PV mounting systems, with the continuous development and improvement of technology, these shortcomings may be gradually addressed and mitigated. In the future, flexible PV mounting systems are expected to become more durable, stable, and adaptable, providing better support for the installation and operation of PV systems.

Amid the global photovoltaic industry's shift toward higher efficiency and intelligent transformation, technological upgrades in PV mounting systems have become a key driver for enterprises to break into overseas markets. Recently, several new PV mounting products integrating smart control and environmental adaptation features have been launched in international markets. Leveraging their significant performance advantages, these innovations have rapidly gained recognition from overseas customers.   These new smart PV mounting systems feature high-precision solar tracking technology. Built-in sensors capture real-time changes in sunlight angles, while intelligent algorithms automatically adjust panel orientation. Compared to traditional fixed mounts, this design boosts power generation efficiency by 18%-25%. Additionally, the products undergo specialized material and structural optimizations tailored to regional climatic conditions: For coastal areas with high salt fog exposure, special corrosion-resistant alloy materials extend the mounting system's lifespan to over 25 years. For inland regions prone to wind and sand, dust-proof self-cleaning structures are designed to reduce maintenance costs.   The competitive edge gained through technological upgrades has enabled these photovoltaic mounting systems to rapidly penetrate high-end overseas markets. Currently, these products are deployed in bulk for European distributed PV projects and large-scale Middle Eastern ground-mounted power stations. Overseas orders surged over 70% year-on-year in the first half of this year, with Europe and the Middle East accounting for over 60% of export volume. Industry experts note that as global demands for PV efficiency intensify, intelligent and customized mounting systems will become the mainstream direction for export trade. Continuous technological iteration will help enterprises maintain their competitive edge in the international market.  

I. Introduction to Flexible Solar Mounting Systems A flexible solar mounting system is a long-span, high-clearance, and multi-span structure. It uses pre-stressed steel cables tensioned between fixed points at both ends, where the fixed points at the two ends are supported by rigid structures and external diagonal steel strands to provide reaction forces. This system is adaptable to conditions such as undulating mountainous terrain and increased vegetation—only requiring the installation of foundations at appropriate locations and tensioning of pre-stressed steel strands or cables. Under conditions of constant water levels, it can be constructed with rigid columns, foundations, and flexible supports in lakes and fish ponds.   Flexible solar mounting systems are distinctly different from traditional rigid solar mounting systems. They adopt spatial structural technologies involving "suspension, tension, hanging, bracing, and compression," combining flexible suspension cables with rigid struts, supplemented by rigid supports and high-strength ground anchors to form a long-span load-bearing flexible support system.   To ensure the safety of solar panels, our mounting system needs to achieve a "combination of rigidity and flexibility." Here, "rigidity" refers to the end and middle supports: the end supports are located at the left and right ends of the system, providing vertical and horizontal support. When the span is too large, intermediate supports must be installed to prevent excessive deformation in the middle of the "clothesline-like" structure. In this way, the rigid framework of the entire system is established.   However, a rigid framework alone is insufficient. Technically, flexible mounting systems can be roughly divided into several structural types: single-layer suspension cable systems, double-layer cable systems (load-bearing cables + stabilizing cables), more complex reverse-tensioned wind-resistant cable net structures, pre-stressed cable nets, hybrid systems, beam-string (beams, trusses) + cable arches, string-supported domes, and transverse stiffening systems. Currently, the mainstream structural types of long-span pre-stressed suspension flexible mounting systems include key components such as load-bearing cables, module cables, struts between cable trusses, pile columns, side anchoring systems, steel beams, and cable truss struts.   With system characteristics of 3–15 meters in clear height and 10–60 meters in long span, the cable-structured flexible solar mounting system is highly adaptable to complex mountainous terrain, avoiding adverse factors such as undulating mountains and numerous gullies and slopes. At the same time, it fully frees up the space under the panels, enabling the realization of "agriculture-solar complementarity" and "forestry-solar complementarity." While increasing the power generation of solar power plants, it truly maximizes the efficiency of land and space utilization.   II. Application Scope of Flexible Solar Mounting Systems Thanks to their advantage of large and flexibly adjustable spans, flexible mounting systems have a wider application scope, including:     Areas with steep slopes or significant undulations. They are not affected by factors such as vegetation height, and the height of the lower edge of the modules from the ground can be adjusted within 1–7 meters, making them suitable for longer single-row array lengths (column spacing). In actual projects, the longest single-row array length has reached 1,500 meters. Fish ponds, tidal flats, and similar areas. Breaking through the limitations of traditional mounting systems—such as water depth and area size—flexible mounting systems leverage their advantage of 10–30 meter long-span solutions, and can also adopt schemes such as adding additional support columns in the middle. This solves the difficulties of construction and installation faced by traditional mounting systems in fish ponds, tidal flats, and other regions. The tops of large water tanks in sewage treatment plants. Due to the requirements of water treatment processes in sewage plants, mounting system foundations cannot be installed inside large water tanks. Flexible mounting systems skillfully avoid this difficulty, making it possible to construct solar power plants on the water tanks of sewage treatment plants. III. Advantages of Flexible Solar Mounting Systems Compared with traditional steel mounting systems, flexible solar mounting systems use flexible materials (such as polymer materials and glass fiber-reinforced materials) as support structures to replace traditional steel supports. This makes solar modules more flexible and reliable while enabling adaptation to more complex and changeable sites and environments. As a new type of solar mounting system, flexible mounts offer numerous advantages over traditional rigid mounts:   Strong adaptability: Flexible mounts can adapt not only to various topographies (such as mountainous areas, hills, and plains) but also to diverse climatic conditions (such as low temperature, high temperature, humidity, and dryness). Low installation and maintenance costs: Compared with traditional steel mounts, flexible mounts use less steel, enabling simpler and faster installation, as well as lower maintenance costs. Improved photoelectric conversion efficiency: Flexible mounts can reduce gaps between solar modules and increase the installation density of modules, thereby improving photoelectric conversion efficiency. High wind resistance: By using flexible materials as support structures, flexible mounts possess good flexibility and wind resistance, maintaining stability even under harsh weather conditions. Eco-friendliness: Manufactured using renewable materials, flexible mounts have minimal environmental impact throughout their life cycle, better aligning with the requirements of modern society for ecological environmental protection.     As technology matures further, the application of flexible mounts will gradually be standardized, products will become more reliable, and development will move toward greater safety, cost-effectiveness, and durability.

1. Tensile Strength and Yield Point A high yield point can reduce the cross-sectional size of steel members, decrease the structural dead weight, save steel materials, and lower the overall project cost. A high tensile strength can enhance the overall safety reserve of the structure and improve its reliability.   2. Plasticity, Toughness, and Fatigue Resistance - Good plasticity enables the structure to undergo significant deformation before failure, facilitating timely detection of issues and implementation of remedial measures. - It also helps adjust local peak stresses. For solar panel installation, forced installation is often adopted to adjust the angle; plasticity allows the structure to achieve internal force redistribution, balancing the stress in areas with original stress concentration and improving the overall load-bearing capacity of the structure. - Good toughness enables the structure to absorb more energy when damaged under impact loads. This is particularly critical for desert power stations and rooftop power stations with strong winds (where wind vibration effects are prominent), as steel toughness can effectively reduce risks. - Excellent fatigue resistance also equips the structure with strong capability to withstand alternating and repeated wind loads.   3. Processability Good processability includes cold working performance, hot working performance, and weldability. The steel used in photovoltaic steel structures must not only be easy to process into various structural forms and components but also ensure that such processing does not cause excessive adverse impacts on properties like strength, plasticity, toughness, and fatigue resistance.   4. Service Life Since the design service life of solar photovoltaic systems is over 20 years, excellent corrosion resistance is also a key indicator for evaluating the quality of mounting structures. A short service life of the mount will inevitably affect the stability of the entire structure, prolong the investment payback period, and reduce the economic benefits of the entire project.   5. Practicality and Cost-Effectiveness On the premise of meeting the above requirements, the steel for photovoltaic steel structures should also be easily available and producible, with a low cost.

I. Classification by Installation Method Ground-mounted Systems: These are PV mounting systems installed on the ground, primarily used in large-scale ground-based solar power plants. Ground-mounted systems typically adopt steel or aluminum alloy structures, featuring high strength and stability to withstand significant wind loads and snow loads. Roof-mounted Systems: These systems are installed on the roofs of buildings and are mainly used in rooftop PV systems. Roof-mounted systems need to be designed according to the roof’s structure and load-bearing capacity. They usually use aluminum alloy or stainless steel materials, offering advantages such as light weight, corrosion resistance, and easy installation. Wall-mounted Systems: Installed on the exterior walls of buildings, wall-mounted systems are primarily used in Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. For wall-mounted systems, factors such as the wall’s structure, load-bearing capacity, and the distance and angle between PV modules and the wall must be considered. They typically use aluminum alloy or stainless steel materials, with characteristics of aesthetics, light weight, and easy installation. II. Classification by Tracking Method Fixed Mounting Systems: These systems keep PV modules at a fixed angle, usually designed with an optimal tilt angle to maximize the power generation of PV modules. Fixed mounting systems have a simple structure, are easy to install, and have low costs. They are suitable for areas with relatively stable sunlight conditions. Tracking Mounting Systems: These systems can automatically adjust the angle of PV modules according to the sun’s position, ensuring that PV modules always face the sun to achieve higher power generation. Tracking mounting systems have a more complex structure and higher costs, but they can improve the power generation efficiency and economic benefits of PV systems. They are suitable for areas with significant changes in sunlight conditions. Flexible Mounting Systems: These are PV mounting systems designed using flexible materials (such as polymer materials, special alloys, etc.) or flexible connection mechanisms. Compared with traditional rigid mounting systems, flexible mounting systems have better flexibility and adaptability. They can adapt to changes in the external environment (such as wind loads, snow loads, temperature changes, etc.) to a certain extent and reduce or disperse the impact of the external environment on PV modules through their own deformation. III. Classification by Material Aluminum Alloy Mounting Systems: Aluminum alloy mounting systems are one of the commonly used materials for PV mounting systems, featuring light weight, corrosion resistance, easy processing, and aesthetics. They are suitable for various installation methods and tracking methods, and can meet the needs of different customers. Stainless Steel Mounting Systems: These systems have high strength, corrosion resistance, and long service life, making them suitable for PV systems in harsh environments. Stainless steel mounting systems have higher costs but offer good durability and stability, which can meet the requirements of long-term operation. Carbon Steel Mounting Systems: Carbon steel mounting systems have high strength and rigidity, and can withstand large wind loads and snow loads. They are suitable for large-scale ground-based solar power plants. Carbon steel mounting systems have low costs but are prone to rust and corrosion, requiring regular maintenance. Galvanized Mounting Systems: These systems are made by coating a layer of zinc on the surface of carbon steel mounting systems, which can improve the corrosion resistance of the brackets and extend their service life. Galvanized mounting systems have moderate costs and good cost-effectiveness, making them suitable for medium-scale PV systems.

I. Cement as Bracket Foundation There are two methods for foundation construction, as follows: 1. On-site Cast-in-place Cement Foundation Advantages: Integrates with the roof, ensuring a stable foundation with minimal cement consumption. Disadvantages: Requires pre-embedding steel bars in the building roof or using expansion bolts to connect the cement foundation to the roof. This easily damages the roof's waterproof layer, leading to potential water leakage over time. 2. Prefabricated Cement Weight Block Foundation First, accurately calculate the annual average wind speed and wind direction in different seasons at the project site to determine the positive and negative wind pressures. Then, derive the weight of the cement foundation based on the wind pressure. Prefabricate cement weight blocks of uniform size and transport them to the site for installation.   II. Color Steel Tile Roofs Color steel tiles are typically used on light steel structure buildings, such as standardized factories and warehouses. Light steel structure buildings adopt lightweight color steel tiles for roofs, allowing for large spans—making them highly suitable for large-scale installation of solar PV modules. Industrial parks in cities consist of clustered standardized factories with large quantities and areas, often enabling the construction of solar power plants with a capacity of several tens of megawatts at a time.   Color steel tiles are composed of thin metal sheets wrapped around foam boards; traditional methods cannot fix the brackets of PV modules. Special "clamps" are required—their use avoids damaging the original structure, preventing roof water leakage or overall structural damage.   From the load-bearing perspective: Installing at the optimal angle inevitably requires more brackets, increasing the roof weight. From the safety perspective: Installing at the optimal tilt angle means modules cannot be parallel to the roof, creating additional wind pressure during windy conditions and posing safety risks.   Given the above two points, modules can only be laid flat on color steel tile roofs. The number of installed modules depends solely on the roof area and load-bearing capacity, with no need for optimization.   III. Tiled Sloped Roof Structure This refers to sloped roofs with concrete underneath the tiles. The installation method generally involves: removing the tiles, drilling expansion bolts into the concrete to install hook adapters, then replacing the tiles. A key requirement is to ensure the expansion bolts are positioned far from the lower edge of the tiles. For better aesthetics, it may be necessary to cut a notch at the lower edge of the tiles. Special attention must be paid to the thickness of the concrete to avoid damaging the roof's waterproof structure.   A PV array is a connection of multiple PV modules and, by extension, more PV cells. The integration of PV arrays with buildings primarily includes two installation methods: roof installation and side facade installation, which cover most PV array installation forms for buildings. 1. Roof Installation of PV Arrays The main forms of roof installation for PV arrays include flat roof installation, sloped roof installation, and PV daylighting roof installation. (1) Flat Roof Installation On flat roofs, PV arrays can be installed at the optimal angle to maximize power generation. Conventional crystalline silicon PV modules can be used, reducing module investment costs. This often results in relatively good economic efficiency but average aesthetics. (2) Sloped Roof Installation In the Northern Hemisphere, roofs sloping south, southeast, southwest, east, or west can all be used for PV array installation. On south-sloping roofs, arrays can be installed at or close to the optimal angle, achieving high power generation. Conventional crystalline silicon PV modules are applicable, featuring good performance and low cost, leading to favorable economic benefits. There is no conflict with the building's functions; the array can be closely integrated with the roof, resulting in good aesthetics. The power generation performance of roofs facing other directions (deviating from south) is relatively lower. (3) PV Daylighting Roof Installation Transparent PV cells are used as building components for the daylighting roof, offering excellent aesthetics while meeting lighting needs. PV daylighting roofs require transparent modules, which have lower efficiency. In addition to power generation and transparency, daylighting roof components must meet certain architectural requirements regarding mechanics, aesthetics, and structural connections, leading to high component costs. High power generation costs. Enhances the building's social value and promotes the concept of sustainability. 2. Facade Installation Facade installation mainly refers to the installation of PV modules on the south walls (for the Northern Hemisphere), east walls, and west walls of buildings. For mid-to-high-rise buildings, exterior walls have the largest surface area in contact with sunlight, and vertical PV curtain walls are a commonly used application form.   According to design requirements, transparent, semi-transparent, and ordinary transparent glass can be used in combination to create different building facades and indoor light effects.   Double-layer PV curtain walls, point-supported PV curtain walls, and unitized PV curtain walls are currently common forms of PV curtain wall installation.   Currently, the cost of modules used for curtain wall installation is relatively high; the progress of PV system projects is restricted by the overall construction schedule of the building; and since PV arrays deviate from the optimal installation angle, their output power is relatively low.   In addition to PV glass curtain walls, PV exterior walls and PV sunshades can also be installed on building facades.  

① Strength Comparison (Steel vs. Aluminum) Solar PV mounting structures typically use Q235B steel and 6065-T5 extruded aluminum profiles. In terms of strength, the strength of 6065-T5 aluminum alloy is approximately 68%-69% that of Q235B steel. Therefore, in scenarios such as high-wind areas or large-span installations, steel outperforms aluminum alloy profiles for solar PV mounting structures.   ② Deflection Deformation Under the same conditions:   The deformation of aluminum alloy profiles is 2.9 times that of steel. The weight of aluminum alloy is only 35% of steel. In terms of cost, aluminum is 3 times more expensive than steel per unit weight.   Thus, steel is superior to aluminum alloy profiles for solar PV mounts in conditions such as high-wind areas, large-span requirements, and cost-sensitive projects.   ③ Anti-Corrosion Performance Aluminum alloy: In a standard atmospheric environment, aluminum alloy stays in the passive region. A dense oxide film forms on its surface, preventing the active aluminum substrate from contacting the surrounding atmosphere.This gives it excellent corrosion resistance, and the corrosion rate decreases over time.   Steel: In a standard environment, a galvanized layer of 80μm can ensure a service life of over 20 years. However, in high-humidity industrial zones, high-salinity coastal areas, or even temperate seawater, the corrosion rate accelerates.For such environments, the galvanized layer typically needs to be at least 100μm thick, and regular annual maintenance is required.   ④ Surface Treatment Comparison Aluminum alloy profiles: Various surface treatment methods are available, such as anodization and chemical polishing. These treatments not only enhance aesthetic appeal but also enable the profiles to withstand various highly corrosive environments. Steel: Common surface treatments include hot-dip galvanizing, surface spraying, and paint coating. Compared with aluminum alloy, steel has inferior appearance and lower corrosion resistance after treatment.   Comprehensive Comparison Aluminum alloy is lightweight and has strong corrosion resistance. It is more suitable for mounting structures in projects such as roof-mounted PV systems (where load-bearing capacity is a concern), highly corrosive environments, or PV systems in chemical plants.   Steel has high strength and minimal deflection deformation under load. It is generally used for components that bear large loads, making it ideal for large-scale PV power stations with high wind loads or large-span requirements.   In summary:   For small-scale projects, aluminum is mostly recommended due to its ease of installation. For large-scale PV power station projects, steel is recommended, as it allows for high customization based on specific project requirements.

When it comes to installing solar panels, one of the most critical components is the racking system. Racking is the foundation that supports the solar panels, and it must be strong enough to withstand the weight of the panels as well as any environmental factors such as wind, rain, and snow. Customized solar panel racking is the ideal solution for any project, as it ensures that the racking is tailored to the specific needs of the project and the environment in which it will be installed.   What is Customized Solar Panel Racking? Customized solar panel racking is a solution that is designed to fit the specific needs of a solar panel installation. By customizing the racking, a more efficient, durable, and cost-effective solution can be created that is tailored to the unique requirements of the project. This ensures that the racking system will perform optimally and be able to withstand the various environmental factors that it will encounter.   Benefits of Customized Solar Panel Racking One of the key benefits of customized solar panel racking is that it is designed to fit the specific requirements of the project. This means that it can be tailored to meet the needs of the environment, the terrain, and the installation site. For example, if the site is located in an area that experiences high winds, then the racking can be designed to be extra sturdy to withstand the gusts. Another benefit of customized solar panel racking is that it is more efficient. By designing the racking to fit the layout of the solar panels, the panels can be placed closer together, which can increase the overall energy production of the system. This can result in a greater return on investment for the project. Customized solar panel racking is also more cost-effective than standard racking systems. By designing the racking specifically for the project, the amount of materials needed can be minimized, resulting in a lower cost. Additionally, the installation time can be reduced because the racking has been pre-engineered and pre-fabricated to fit the specific requirements of the project.   Types of Customized Solar Panel Racking There are many different types of customized solar panel racking systems, each with its own unique features and benefits. Some of the most common types of racking include: 1. Ground-mounted racking: This is the most common type of solar panel racking and is ideal for installations on flat terrain. Ground-mounted racking can be customized to fit the layout of the solar panels and the specific needs of the environment. 2. Roof-mounted racking: This type of racking is designed for installations on roofs. Roof-mounted racking can be customized to fit the unique features of each roof, such as the slope, the pitch, and the materials used. 3. Pole-mounted racking: This type of racking is ideal for installations in areas with limited space. Pole-mounted racking can be customized to fit the size and shape of the installation site.   Customized solar panel racking is a critical component of any solar panel installation. By customizing the racking system, projects can be designed to meet the unique requirements of the environment and obtain the maximum energy production. Customized solar panel racking is efficient, durable, and cost-effective, making it the ideal solution for any solar panel installation.

Type 1: Groove Fixed Suppor The groove fixed support features grooves and an adjustable movable arm, which is connected to the beam. The short transverse component is equipped with grooves to connect to the column. The structure of the groove fixed support is relatively simple, but adjustment requires multiple personnel, resulting in poor synchronization and low adjustment efficiency. Additionally, the connection between the support rod and the column is prone to rust, leading to higher maintenance costs in the long run.   Type 2: Curved Beam Type The curved beam type structure is similar to the fixed support. It replaces the diagonal bracing of the fixed support with a curved beam and is positioned along the curved beam. Although multiple personnel are still required for adjustment, the rotating support is more labor-saving, offering higher adjustment efficiency. The structure is reliable, and maintenance costs are relatively low.   Type 3: Jack Type The jack type employs a jack as the driving and locking device to form a fixed adjustable structure. The adjustable support includes both manual and electric adjustment interfaces. The adjustment tools are lightweight, reusable, and suitable for cyclic operations, effectively reducing the workload of personnel and improving adjustment efficiency. However, the exposed adjustment threads are susceptible to damage from wind and sand, resulting in higher maintenance costs over time.   Type 4: Push Rod Type The push rod mechanism fixed adjustable structure utilizes a push rod mechanism as the driving and locking device to form a fixed adjustable structure. During tilt angle adjustment, it can be manually adjusted or operated using commonly available electric wrenches on the market. This effectively reduces the workload of personnel and ensures excellent consistency during the adjustment process of a single array angle, preventing in-plane distortion.

A photovoltaic tracking system is a technological device used to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation by adjusting the angle of photovoltaic modules to ensure they consistently face the sun and receive solar radiation energy. Compared to fixed photovoltaic systems, photovoltaic tracking systems can significantly increase power generation, making them particularly suitable for regions with abundant solar resources.   I. Working Principle and Classification The working principle of photovoltaic tracking systems involves real-time monitoring of the sun's position through sensors or algorithms, which then drive motors to adjust the azimuth and tilt angles of the photovoltaic modules, maintaining an optimal alignment with the sun's rays. Based on the movement method, photovoltaic tracking systems are primarily classified into two types: 1. Single-axis tracking system: Adjusts the module angle along a single direction (typically east-west). It features a simple structure and lower cost. 2. Dual-axis tracking system: Adjusts both the azimuth and tilt angles simultaneously, offering higher tracking accuracy and more significant power generation improvements, though at a relatively higher cost.   II. Advantages and Features 1. Improved power generation efficiency: Compared to fixed systems, single-axis tracking systems can increase power  generation by 15%-25%, while dual-axis tracking systems can achieve a 30%-40% improvement. 2. Strong adaptability: Can be optimized for different geographical environments and climatic conditions. 3. Intelligent management: Supports remote monitoring and automated control, reducing operational and maintenance costs.   III. Application Scenarios Photovoltaic tracking systems are widely used in large-scale ground-mounted photovoltaic power plants, distributed photovoltaic projects, and agricultural photovoltaics, among other fields. They are particularly suitable for deployment in areas with ample sunlight and abundant land resources.   IV. Conclusion By optimizing the angle of photovoltaic modules, photovoltaic tracking systems significantly enhance power generation efficiency, providing critical technological support for the development of the photovoltaic industry. With continuous technological advancements and gradual cost reductions, their application scope will further expand, contributing to the promotion and utilization of clean energy.

A photovoltaic tracking mount is a support system capable of automatically adjusting the orientation of photovoltaic devices based on the position of the sun and lighting conditions.   Below is a detailed introduction to photovoltaic tracking mounts:     1. Definition and Features A photovoltaic tracking mount is a type of support that installs photovoltaic power generation components (solar panels) on a tracker. Its main feature is the ability to track the sun’s movement in real time, ensuring that the photovoltaic components always face solar radiation directly, thereby significantly increasing energy output.   2.Classification Dual-Axis Tracking Mounts:These track the sun through two rotational axes—horizontal and elevation—maximizing the absorption of solar radiation and improving photoelectric conversion efficiency. Dual-axis tracking photovoltaic mounts can be further divided into horizontal-horizontal and horizontal-tilt types. Mechanically Controlled Tracking Photovoltaic Mounts: These use mechanical structures to track the sun, including traditional mechanical observation, mechanical calculation, and digital control. They are primarily suitable for small-scale photovoltaic power stations, offering advantages such as lower costs and easier maintenance.   3. Application Advantages High Energy Output: By tracking the sun’s movement in real time, photovoltaic tracking mounts ensure that photovoltaic components always face solar radiation directly, significantly increasing energy output. Improved Power Generation Efficiency: Compared to fixed photovoltaic mounts, tracking mounts achieve higher power generation efficiency, particularly under less-than-ideal lighting conditions. Flexibility: Unlike fixed photovoltaic systems, which are installed in a stationary position, photovoltaic tracking mounts can flexibly follow the sun’s movement, resulting in a relatively smaller footprint.   4. Application Scenarios Photovoltaic tracking mounts are widely used in various scenarios, including large-scale photovoltaic power plants, agricultural photovoltaics, commercial and industrial rooftops and ground installations, photovoltaic power stations along highways, school and institutional rooftops, municipal engineering projects, as well as outdoor billboards and charging stations.   5. Installation and Maintenance During the installation of photovoltaic tracking mounts, design requirements must be strictly followed to ensure the stability and durability of the support components. Safety precautions should also be taken to prevent accidents. After installation, a comprehensive inspection is necessary to ensure the quality of the mount components and the normal operation of the photovoltaic power station. In terms of maintenance, since photovoltaic tracking mounts have moving parts, regular inspections and cleaning of both the photovoltaic components and the tracking mechanism are required to ensure their proper functioning.

Photovoltaic brackets can be simply divided into two types based on their connection methods: assembled aluminum alloy photovoltaic brackets and welded photovoltaic brackets. Often, users do not have a deep understanding of the differences between these two types of brackets. To address this, relevant experts provide the following explanation.   1.Assembled Aluminum Alloy Photovoltaic Brackets This type of photovoltaic bracket is designed to address the shortcomings of welded brackets in the market. Its structure primarily uses channel-shaped aluminum alloy steel as the main supporting component, forming a finished bracket system. The biggest advantages of this product are its fast assembly and disassembly, elimination of the need for welding, excellent durability, and rapid installation. 2.Welded Photovoltaic Brackets These brackets are typically made from materials such as angle steel, channel steel, and square steel. Due to low production process requirements, they are often relatively inexpensive. Their strong connection strength makes them a commonly chosen bracket in the market. However, the drawback of requiring welding means that on-site installation is slower, resulting in slower construction progress. This makes them less suitable for use in civil construction projects.   Boyue Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. specializes in supplying a series of photovoltaic bracket products, including photovoltaic brackets, solar photovoltaic brackets, aluminum alloy photovoltaic brackets, distributed photovoltaic brackets, ground-mounted photovoltaic brackets, color steel tile photovoltaic brackets, roof tile photovoltaic brackets, parking shed photovoltaic brackets, and photovoltaic bracket accessories. With twenty years of experience in mechanical processing, Boyue Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. is dedicated to the application and development of new energy, new materials, and energy-saving products. Leveraging an excellent management team, professional R&D and production teams, a reliable quality system, and first-class production equipment, Boyue will fully assist you in selecting the optimal system solution.

Photovoltaic brackets are widely used in the market today. This equipment features waterproofing, sand resistance, cost-effectiveness, easy installation, excellent corrosion resistance, and high wind-sand resistance, making it suitable for various types of buildings. In particular, the solar aluminum alloy photovoltaic brackets currently available on the market have become a preferred choice for many users due to the following characteristics: Current features of solar aluminum alloy photovoltaic brackets include: 1.Structural Design: - Utilizes a multi-axis swing reduction mechanism with a high transmission ratio and large torque as the tracking drive, enabling direct transmission to the photovoltaic framework. - Advantages: Safe, reliable, lightweight, and structurally optimized. 2. Technical Features: - Combines a tracking mechanical system with a photoelectric control system, allowing the photovoltaic panel array to automatically rotate 360 degrees horizontally and 180 degrees vertically. 3. Strength Performance: - Capable of operating normally even in winds of up to Beaufort scale 10. 4. Energy Efficiency: - The driving power consumption is less than0.005, while also saving land usage. 5. Economic Benefits: - Increases power generation efficiency by over 50%, reduces power generation costs by 40%, and significantly lowers CO₂ emissions. Boyue Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. specializes in supplying photovoltaic brackets, including solar photovoltaic brackets, aluminum alloy photovoltaic brackets, ground-mounted photovoltaic brackets, color steel tile photovoltaic brackets, roof tile photovoltaic brackets, carport photovoltaic brackets, and photovoltaic bracket accessories, among other related products. With 20 years of experience in mechanical processing, Boyue Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. is committed to the application and development of new energy, new materials, and energy-saving products. Supported by an excellent management team, professional R&D and production teams, a reliable quality system, and top-tier production equipment, we provide comprehensive assistance in selecting the optimal system solutions for your needs.  

With the global surge in renewable energy demand, the choice of materials for PV mounting systems has become a critical factor affecting system stability and long-term returns. In high-wind regions like the US and the Middle East, the competition between aluminum and steel mounting systems is particularly intense. So, which material offers better resistance to strong winds and ensures long-term reliability for PV power plants? Based on wind resistance tests and durability data, this article provides an in-depth analysis. Aluminum PV Mounting Wind Resistance Comparison: Does Lightweight Equal High Wind Resistance? Aluminum mounting systems have seen rapid market growth due to their lightweight, corrosion resistance, and ease of installation. However, many investors worry: Can lightweight designs withstand extreme wind pressure in regions prone to hurricanes and sandstorms, such as the US and the Middle East? Latest wind tunnel tests show that structurally optimized aluminum mounting systems (e.g., triangular reinforcement designs, dynamic wind load distribution) can achieve wind resistance comparable to steel systems. For example, in a simulated Category 12 typhoon (120 mph) environment, an aluminum mounting system showed only minor deformation, while a low-quality steel system fractured due to weld fatigue. However, experts caution that aluminum mounting performance heavily depends on alloy grade and structural design. Low-end products may suffer from metal fatigue under prolonged wind vibration, so it’s essential to choose high-quality solutions that meet international standards. Steel Mounting Durability Test Data: Stronger but More Prone to Corrosion? Steel mounting systems have long been the preferred choice for high-wind regions due to their high strength and low cost. Independent 20-year accelerated aging tests on galvanized steel mounting systems reveal: Excellent Wind Resistance: At 150 mph winds, steel structures deform 15%-20% less than aluminum, making them ideal for hurricane-prone areas (e.g., Florida). Corrosion Risks Stand Out: In the Middle East’s saline-alkaline desert environment, ordinary galvanized steel corrodes three times faster than aluminum, requiring regular maintenance or costly stainless steel alternatives. Notably, the weight of steel mounting systems may increase transportation and installation costs (30%-50% heavier than aluminum), requiring additional reinforcement in areas with poor foundation conditions, such as sandy or mountainous terrain. Market Selection Advice: Location-Specific Choices Are Key US Market: In hurricane-prone zones (e.g., Texas, Florida), prioritize high-strength galvanized steel or MIL-standard-compliant aluminum mounting systems. Middle East Market: Given high temperatures, sandstorms, and salt corrosion, corrosion-resistant coated aluminum (e.g., anodized) or stainless-steel hybrid systems are more economical and durable.

There are four main forms of seismic support: single water pipe system, single air pipe system, single bridge system, and composite system. Now briefly explain the installation steps for these four brackets: 1、 Single pipe installation steps: According to the installation type of single pipe, the installation steps of single pipe mainly include: measurement, anchor bolt positioning → cutting → main crane installation → slant support installation → stiffener installation. 2、 Installation steps for air ducts: Taking a rectangular air duct as an example, select the corresponding seismic support and hanger for installation based on the shape of the duct. The installation steps mainly include: measurement, anchor bolt positioning → cutting → installation of main crane → installation of cross beam → installation of slant support → installation of stiffening device. 3、 Bridge installation steps: According to the shape of the bridge frame, select the corresponding seismic support and hanger for installation. The installation steps mainly include: measurement, anchor bolt positioning, cutting, installation of the main crane, installation of the crossbeam, installation of transverse and longitudinal brackets, and installation of the stiffening device. 4、 Installation steps for combination: There are many types of combinations, but the installation steps are basically the same. Now, take the water pipe assembly as an example for installation. According to the installation form of the combination, select the corresponding seismic support and hanger for installation. The installation steps mainly include: measurement, positioning of foundation bolts, cutting, installation of the main crane, installation of crossbeam channel steel, fixing of water pipes, installation of transverse and longitudinal supports, and installation of stiffeners.   Construction precautions: 1. Before installation, carefully read the construction drawings, conduct on-site surveys, and compare them with the construction drawings. At the same time, it is necessary to cooperate with the installation progress of other types of work; 2. After surveying the site according to the construction drawings, it is necessary to set out and locate the line. At the same time, mark the positions where suspended objects such as pipelines, bridges, and air ducts need to climb and turn, leaving space for installing supports and hangers; 3. When multiple pipelines are concentrated together, the principles of small yield, pressure without pressure yield, and insulation at room temperature yield should be followed; 4. When installing the soda water bracket, it should be strictly installed according to the installation spacing, installation method, and installation angle required by the drawings.

(1) The entire support and hanger system should meet the requirements of impact load resistance and fire resistance rating, ensuring safety in the event of a fire under special loads, and ensuring a certain fire resistance rating (not less than 180 minutes) in the event of a fire.   (2) The C-shaped steel used for seismic support should be Q235B and above strength steel, and it is required to be cold pressed channel steel; The side of the channel steel should have axial stiffeners to enhance the section stiffness and bending resistance; It should be able to provide inspection reports on channel steel material issued by testing institutions, test reports on front compressive bearing capacity of channel steel, test reports on side compressive bearing capacity, and test reports on back tensile bearing capacity.   (3) The C-shaped channel steel of the seismic support and hanger must have teeth on the inner edge, and the depth of the teeth should not be less than 0.9 mm; The installation of all accessories relies on mechanical engagement, and any installation method that uses the friction of the accessories to bear the force is strictly prohibited to ensure the reliable connection of the entire system.   (4) The seismic support and hanger should be corrosion-resistant, and the surface of the channel steel should be hot-dip galvanized (the thickness of the zinc layer should not be less than 55 μ m) To meet the durability of seismic support and hanger. The on-site cutting of the finished channel steel should ensure that the cut section is vertical. After cutting, the burrs on the cut should be removed using sandpaper or a board file, and then the coating on the cut should be repaired. The hot-dip galvanized finished channel steel should be supplemented with zinc spray cans, and the thickness of the repaired coating should not be less than the thickness of the original coating.

At present, domestic roofs can be roughly divided into household Chinese glazed roof tile roofs, concrete flat roofs and color steel tile roofs. For the installation of rooftop solar power plants, "waterproofing" has to be said to be a very important factor!   First of all, we need to tell you that the general principle of roof waterproof treatment is: it is better to guide rather than block, that is, to ensure that the node treatment can smoothly let the water drain off when the water is accumulated in rainstorm, so as to ensure that the roof does not leak.   Therefore, in the design, the first step should be to ensure that the bracket base is not arranged perpendicular to the drainage direction and does not hinder the drainage of roof rainwater. In addition, when installing the photovoltaic system directly on the existing roof during construction, the base does not have any relationship with the structural layer of the original roof. Therefore, to ensure the safety of the structure, it is necessary to ensure that the base is placed smoothly and neatly, and measures need to be taken to fix it to avoid overturning, sliding, and other phenomena. Due to the lack of relationship between the base and the structural layer, it is difficult to install an additional waterproof layer. It is necessary to try to preserve the waterproof layer of the original roof as much as possible to prevent leakage.   For situations where drilling is necessary to damage the original roof, it is necessary to adapt to local conditions and make different treatments according to different situations: 1. Waterproofing of photovoltaic brackets on concrete flat roofs For new buildings with concrete flat roofs or villa concrete sloping roofs (covered with tiles), bolts should usually be embedded during design and roof waterproofing should be done according to conventional practices. For existing buildings with concrete flat roofs or villa concrete sloping roofs (covered with tiles), the roof structure should be confirmed first. When connecting the photovoltaic module base to the structural layer, there are weak waterproof links around the metal embedded parts at the top of the base. If not handled properly, rainwater can easily seep from around the bolts of the embedded parts to the structural layer, causing corrosion to the load-bearing steel bars of the structural layer, forming a safety hazard. Therefore, when setting up the photovoltaic module base, the waterproof layer should be laid on the upper part of the base and metal embedded parts, and sealed around the anchor bolts. The waterproof layer should be filled with waterproof sealant to isolate the rainwater infiltration path. In addition, an additional waterproof layer should be added to the lower part of the base. Even if there is leakage at the top of the base, rainwater will not reach the structural layer.   2. Waterproof installation of color steel tile photovoltaic brackets For colored steel tile roofs, the steel structure of the photovoltaic system needs to penetrate the original waterproof layer and profiled steel plates, and be fixed to the main steel structure of the building; Refer to the waterproofing method of colored steel tile roofs for steam insulation, insulation, and waterproofing treatment. The focus of construction is to remove rust, seal, and apply waterproof coatings to the base and periphery. Local leakage points on the colored steel tile roof should be sealed with high-quality neutral weather resistant sealant; For locally corroded color steel plates, they need to be replaced before installing photovoltaic modules. 1) For the case where the cross-section of the color steel plate rib plate is trapezoidal: The solar bracket is usually connected to the color steel plate from the side or top surface through self tapping bolts. Self tapping bolts must be equipped with matching weather resistant sealing and waterproof gaskets, and after fixing the self tapping bolts, high-quality neutral weather resistant sealant must be applied to the screws. 2) For situations where cable sleeves pass through roof panels: there are practices in the existing national standard atlas. In design and construction, it can be selected according to the specific situation of the actual project. 3) For the case of cables passing through the roof panel: Teflon sheets can be used for waterproofing. Detai cover is a type of roof waterproof structure, often used on roofs with colored profiled steel plates. It has good physical properties and chemical corrosion resistance, and can overcome problems such as water leakage of rigid waterproof materials.   3. Waterproofing treatment at the roof perforation of solar bracket manufacturers For existing buildings with concrete flat roofs or villa concrete sloping roofs, if chemical anchor bolts are used to fix photovoltaic brackets, the thickness of the protective layer or surface layer should be confirmed first. For prefabricated floor roofs with large load-bearing capacity per unit area, the base fixation method of prefabricated cement piers can be used on the roof, and the brackets can be fixed using chemical anchor bolts after solidification. For sloping roofs covered with tiles, the depth of drilling should be confirmed. After fixing the chemical anchor bolts, the position where the bolts pass through the tiles should be well treated with waterproof sealant. Chemical anchor bolts have high load-bearing capacity, resistance to fatigue and aging, and some models can withstand dynamic and impact loads; There is no expansion force on the substrate and no compressive stress is generated, therefore, it will not have adverse effects on roof waterproofing.

About Bridge The cable tray is divided into slot type, tray type, ladder type, mesh type, and other structures, consisting of brackets, brackets, and installation accessories. It can be erected independently or attached to various buildings (structures) and pipe rack supports, reflecting the characteristics of simple structure, beautiful appearance, flexible configuration, and convenient maintenance. All parts need to be galvanized and installed on the outdoor bridge outside the building. If it is located near the seaside or in a corrosive area, the material must have anti-corrosion, moisture resistance, good adhesion, and high impact resistance characteristics. A bridge is a bracket that supports and places cables. Bridge trays are commonly used in engineering, as long as cables are laid, they must be used. As a supporting project of wiring engineering, cable trays do not have specific specifications and guidance. The specifications and programs of various manufacturers lack universality. Therefore, the design and selection process should be based on the type and quantity of cables in each weak current system, and the appropriate bridge tray should be reasonably selected. Cable trays have the characteristics of complete variety, wide application, high strength, light structure, low cost, simple construction, flexible wiring, installation standards, and beautiful appearance. Classification of cable trays: stepped cable trays, tray type cable trays, trough type cable trays, and large span cable trays.   About Trunking Cable trough, also known as wiring trough, wiring trough, or wiring trough (depending on the location), is used to organize power cables, data cables, and other wires in a standardized manner and fix them to electrical appliances on walls or ceilings. There are generally two types of materials, plastic and metal, which can play different roles. The wiring duct is divided into: insulated wiring duct, split type wiring duct, mini type wiring duct, separated type wiring duct, indoor decoration wiring duct, integrated insulated wiring duct, telephone wiring duct, Japanese telephone wiring duct, open wire wiring duct, circular wiring duct, exhibition partition wiring duct, circular floor wiring duct, soft circular floor wiring duct, cover type wiring duct, etc. According to the different materials, the trunking is divided into various types, commonly used including environmentally friendly PVC trunking, halogen-free PPO trunking, halogen-free PC/ABS trunking, steel aluminum and other metal trunking, and so on. Trunking characteristics: suitable for large span installation, extremely convenient installation, extremely safe and reliable, flexible wiring, and strong interchangeability.   The difference between bridge and trunking 1. The size specifications vary. The bridge is relatively large (200 × 100 to 600 × 200), with relatively small trunking. If there are many cables and wires, it is recommended to use a bridge. 2. The material thickness varies. According to JGJ16-2008-5.1, metal trunking, also known as trough type cable trays, is generally a trough type component formed by bending a whole sheet of steel plate with a thickness of 0.4-1.5mm. The conceptual difference between it and cable trays is that the height to width ratio is different, the tray frame is shallow and wide, and the metal trunking has a certain depth and closure. But the cable tray is more sturdy than the cable tray, and it is more used to accommodate cables, and of course, it can also accommodate wires, usually for strong current systems. 3. The filling rate varies. According to JGJ16-20088.5.3, the total cross-section of wires and cables in the trunking should not exceed 20% of the cross-section inside the trunking, and the number of current carrying conductors should not exceed 30. The total cross-section of cables in the bridge should not exceed 40% of the cross-section. This is due to different installation heights. When the installation height is low, a cover plate is necessary. If there is a cover plate, heat dissipation is not good, and the filling rate is lower.   4. Different sealing properties. The metal trunking is well sealed and does not need to be supported by brackets. It can be laid in cable trenches and building mezzanine layers. Some trough type cable trays are semi open and must be supported by brackets, which are usually installed in the air inside or outside the house.   5. Different intensities. The cable tray is mainly used for laying power cables and control cables, and the strength of the trunking is relatively low. It is usually used for laying wires and communication cables, such as network telephones.   6. The turning radius is different. The turning radius of the cable tray is relatively large, and most of the trunking turns at right angles.   7. Different spans. The span of the bridge is relatively large, and the trunking is relatively small. Therefore, there is a significant difference in the number of fixed supports and hangers.   8. The spacing between supports and hangers is different. According to JGJ16-2008, the length of the trunking is not greater than 2m, and the length of the cable tray is 1.5-3m.   9. Different installation methods. The bridge has special specifications (see CECS31.91 for details), while the trunking has no special Gauge fixing for fixing.   10. Cover plate issue. In CECS31 "Design Specification for Steel Cable Tray Engineering", the definition is that the tray is a collective term and the cover plate is an accessory. As mentioned in JGJ16-20088.10.3, when the installation height of the tray cannot meet the requirements, cover plate protection should be added. That is to say, the definition of the term bridge does not include cover plates. However, in GB29415-2013 "Fire-resistant Cable Tray Boxes", the cable tray contains a cover plate and is an integral part of the cable tray.

An earthquake resistant bracket is a bracket with earthquake resistance function, which is installed as an earthquake resistant measure on mechanical and electrical pipeline equipment. Installing seismic supports can avoid and reduce damage to mechanical and electrical equipment in buildings caused by earthquakes. Reduce the damage caused by earthquakes, protect equipment, and reduce unnecessary threats to property and life safety.   Seismic supports are widely used in the construction industry. Residential buildings, large squares, large supermarkets, and other areas require the installation of corresponding seismic supports based on the local earthquake crack resistance. Once an earthquake or other highly shaking disasters occur in the local area, it can effectively prevent the occurrence of secondary disasters. The specific explanations are as follows:   Hazards of earthquakes: 1. During the earthquake, the HVAC system failed and smoke exhaust ducts, accident ventilation ducts, and related equipment were damaged. 2. During the earthquake, the electrical system failed and the electrical piping, cable ladder, slot box and Bus duct were damaged.   3. During the earthquake, the water supply and drainage system and fire protection system failed, such as damage to indoor water supply, hot water, and fire protection pipelines.   The function of seismic support: Reduce the occurrence of secondary disasters caused by earthquakes, effectively protect the electromechanical system during earthquakes, and ensure rapid recovery of working conditions after earthquakes; Seismic supports are various components or devices that limit the displacement of ancillary electromechanical engineering facilities, control facility vibration, and transmit loads to the load-bearing structure. After seismic reinforcement, mechanical and electrical engineering facilities such as water supply and drainage, fire protection, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, gas, heat, electricity, and communication in buildings can reduce earthquake damage, reduce and prevent secondary disasters as much as possible when encountering earthquakes with local seismic fortification intensity, thereby achieving the goal of reducing casualties and property losses.   In case of an earthquake, the role of the seismic support can be fully reflected, which can minimize the economic losses and prevent casualties caused by the earthquake. The role of the seismic support should not be underestimated. In general, the anti-seismic support mainly protects waterways and power lines, and prevents the safety of other building facilities in the house on the premise that the house does not collapse, so as to protect other hazards caused by the earthquake, to ensure personal safety and reduce economic losses to a greater extent.

The role of prefabricated supports and hangers is very important, as they can effectively strengthen the stability of buildings, greatly weaken the damage caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes, or accelerate the progress of post earthquake reconstruction. However, the installation and construction of prefabricated supports and hangers require relatively high technology, and the entire process is also very cumbersome. There are many things to pay attention to throughout the entire process to ensure the orderly and efficient installation and construction of prefabricated supports and hangers.   During construction, prefabricated supports and hangers can deviate from pipelines and wire sleeves appropriately, but their deviation should not be too large. The construction of air ducts also allows for a certain degree of deviation, which should be less than twice the total width of the air duct.   At the vertical turning of the pipeline, the installation of prefabricated supports and hangers is necessary. When the turning angle is greater than or less than 90 °, attention should be paid to the length of the seismic bracket, which should be slightly greater than the design length. The bracket should be set on the side and vertical surface of the bracket to ensure structural stability.   In the design of prefabricated supports and hangers for water supply pipelines, the impact of water expansion and contraction caused by thermal expansion and contraction on pipe diameter and volume should be fully considered. The distance between pipelines in the vertical direction should comply with design rules, and the distance between pipelines and main roads should be adjusted appropriately.   Rigid prefabricated supports and hangers cannot be directly moved to other parts of the structure for use. Due to the special nature of rigid materials, their support structure differs greatly from general support structures, and direct use cannot provide protection.   When pipelines pass through narrow parts of a building, attention should be paid to the design and construction of settlement and displacement. The optimal angle for installing prefabricated supports and hangers is 45 °, but there may be some deviations during actual construction, which require on-site analysis and corresponding adjustments.   In the installation of single pipe door type or multi pipe door type, attention should be paid to the angle of slant support of fabricated supports and hangers. The angle should not deviate from the central symmetry line by 2.5 ° generally, or the support capacity of the support will be weakened.

The design structure of the solar bracket allows the components to adjust their angles according to different places, making full use of solar energy resources. In order for the bracket to have good physical properties such as earthquake resistance, wind resistance, and corrosion resistance, a detailed analysis has been conducted on the material selection, connection method, and load-bearing capacity of the photovoltaic module. Let "Boyue Technology" take you to understand together. The bracket of a solar water heater is a supporting element of solar energy and an indispensable component of the solar water heater. Nowadays, there are more and more manufacturers producing solar brackets, and brackets are gradually becoming independent of the solar water heater industry. The bracket design of the solar water heater used at home should be reasonable, and the strength and stiffness should ensure sufficient load-bearing capacity. In places with high wind speeds, when choosing a household solar water heater, it is also important to consider whether the product has the ability to withstand wind in design. In the field of bracket production technology, high wear-resistant materials are used to resist wind, corrosion, and bearing capacity. The maximum wind resistance of solar brackets is 216 kilometers per hour. Types of solar support structures (1) Roof tilt bracket: The main components that tilt at a certain angle to the roof include guide rails, clamps, and tilt mechanisms (2) Sloping roof support: The main components parallel to the slope of the roof include guide rails, clamps, and hooks (3) Ground support: Install the support on the ground through direct burial or other methods (4) Roof ballast support: the support is fixed by pressing blocks, and generally installed on the Flat roof (5) Piling type ground support: installed on the ground of the column through the Pile driver (6) Column bracket: A single column supports the entire solar panel (7) Tracking bracket: The bracket can rotate with the rotation of the sun Materials used for support structure The solar photovoltaic brackets commonly used in China are divided into concrete brackets, steel brackets, and aluminum alloy brackets in terms of materials. 1. Concrete supports have a high self gravity and are commonly used in large photovoltaic power plants. They have high stability and can support large-sized battery panels. 2. Steel brackets have stable performance, large bearing capacity, simple installation, and are widely used in household and industrial power plants. The combined steel support system is easy to install on site and has a fast speed. It only needs to use specially designed connectors to assemble the channel steel, but there are various and complex types of connectors. 3. Aluminum alloy brackets are used for solar energy on the roof of household buildings, which have the characteristics of corrosion resistance, light weight, aesthetics, and durability, but have low bearing capacity. 4. Most of the materials used in large photovoltaic power generation enterprises are galvanized metal materials. Firstly, it is due to its low cost, and secondly, it has a large load-bearing capacity and can automatically adjust the angle with the rotation of the sun, resulting in a high utilization rate.